Hydronephrosis is when the kidneys become swollen due to a buildup of urine. This happens when urine can't drain from the kidney to the bladder because of a blockage or obstruction. Understanding the common causes of hydronephrosis can help identify and treat this condition early. So, here are some of the leading causes - 

Kidney stones 

Kidney stones are one of the most common causes of hydronephrosis. These small, hard deposits form inside the kidneys and can block urine flow. A stone stuck in the urinary tract can prevent urine from passing, causing the kidney to swell.  

Symptoms of kidney stones comprise severe pain in the back or side, blood in urine, and frequent urination. Treatment might involve drinking plenty of water to help pass the stone, taking pain relievers, or, in some cases, undergoing surgery. 

Enlarged prostate 

An enlarged prostate is a cause of hydronephrosis in men. The prostate gland holds the urethra, the tube that keeps urine from the bladder out of the body. As men age, the prostate can grow more prominent, pressing against the urethra and blocking the flow of urine. This will lead to a buildup of urine in the kidneys.  

Symptoms of an enlarged prostate involve difficulty starting urination, a weak urine stream, and frequent urination, especially at night. Treatment options include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery. 

Neurogenic bladder Neurogenic bladder is a health condition in which the nerves that control the bladder are damaged. This leads to problems with urination, which can cause urine to return to the kidneys, resulting in hydronephrosis.  

Spinal cord injuries, several sclerosis, or other neurological conditions can cause a neurogenic bladder. Symptoms include urinary incontinence, frequent urination, and difficulty emptying the bladder. Treatment may involve medications, catheterisation to drain the bladder, or surgery. 

Pregnancy 

The growing uterus puts some pressure on the urinary tract in pregnancy, leading to a partial blockage and causing hydronephrosis. This is common in pregnant women, particularly during the third trimester.  

While it can be uncomfortable, pregnancy-related hydronephrosis usually resolves after delivery. However, pregnant women need to stay hydrated and report any symptoms of pain or difficulty urinating to their healthcare provider. 

Urinary Tract Obstruction 

Urinary Tract Obstruction may occur anywhere along the urinary tract, from bladder to kidneys. This blockage can prevent urine from flowing normally, leading to hydronephrosis. Common causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction include tumours, scar tissue from surgery, or congenital abnormalities (conditions present from birth).  

Symptoms of Urinary Tract Obstruction may include pain in the side or lower abdomen, difficulty urinating, and blood in the urine. Treatments depend on the cause of the obstruction and might involve surgery to remove the blockage. 

Conclusion 

Hydronephrosis is a severe condition that can lead to permanent kidney damage if untreated promptly. Recognising the common causes above is essential for early diagnosis and treatment. If you experience symptoms like pain in your back or side, difficulty urinating, or blood in your urine, it's essential to seek medical attention. Early intervention can help avoid complications and protect your kidney health.